the tests were successful

successful [səkˈsesfʊl]

   a. couronné de succès ; [candidate in exam] reçu ; [election candidate] victorieux ; [marriage] heureux

• the tests were successful les tests ont été probants

• on successful completion of [+ course] après avoir été reçu à l'issue de ; [+ deal] après avoir conclu

• her application was successful sa candidature a été retenue

• to be successful in or at doing sth réussir à faire qch

• to be successful in one's efforts voir ses efforts aboutir

• to be successful in sth (attempt, mission, exam) réussir qch

• to reach a successful conclusion aboutir

• the show had a successful run on Broadway ce spectacle a eu beaucoup de succès à Broadway

   b. ( = prosperous) [businessman, company] prospère ; [doctor, lawyer, academic] réputé ; [writer, painter, book, film] à succès ; [career] brillant

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1) ( effective) [attempt, operation, partnership] réussi; [plan, campaign] couronné de succès; [treatment, policy] efficace

2) [film, writer] ( profitable) à succès; ( well regarded) apprécié; [businessman, company] prospère; [career] brillant

3) [candidate, outcome] heureux/-euse; [applicant] retenu; [team, contestant] victorieux/-ieuse

1 crazy, cracked, batty, crazed.

2 crazy.

madman, crackpot, crazy person, head case.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 (gen) mad, crazy, insane

2 (muy ocupado) terribly busy

3 familiar (asombroso) amazing

■ tiene unas ganas locas de casarse she's dying to get married

► nombre masculino,nombre femenino

1 lunatic, insane person

\

a lo loco any old how

como un,-a loco,-a like mad

estar loco,-a de alegría to be over the moon

estar loco,-a por alguien to be mad about somebody

hacer el loco to act wild

hacerse el/la loco,-a to pretend to know nothing, act dumb

¡ni loco,-a! no way!

volver loco,-a a alguien to drive somebody crazy, drive somebody mad

■ este ruido me vuelve loco this noise is driving me mad

■ esa chica me vuelve loco I'm crazy about that girl

volverse loco,-a to go mad

loco,-a de remate stark raving mad

* * *

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Peter Ewart, the youngest of six sons, was born at Traquair manse, where his father was a clergyman in the Church of Scotland. He was educated at the Free School, Dumfries, and in 1782 spent a year at Edinburgh University. He followed this with an apprenticeship under John Rennie at Musselburgh before moving south in 1785 to help Rennie erect the Albion corn mill in London. This brought him into contact with Boulton \& Watt, and in 1788 he went to Birmingham to erect a waterwheel and other machinery in the Soho Manufactory. In 1789 he was sent to Manchester to install a steam engine for Peter Drinkwater and thus his long connection with the city began. In 1790 Ewart took up residence in Manchester as Boulton \& Watt's representative. Amongst other engines, he installed one for Samuel Oldknow at Stockport. In 1792 he became a partner with Oldknow in his cotton-spinning business, but because of financial difficulties he moved back to Birmingham in 1795 to help erect the machines in the new Soho Foundry. He was soon back in Manchester in partnership with Samuel Greg at Quarry Bank Mill, Styal, where he was responsible for developing the water power, installing a steam engine, and being concerned with the spinning machinery and, later, gas lighting at Greg's other mills.

In 1798, Ewart devised an automatic expansion-gear for steam engines, but steam pressures at the time were too low for such a device to be effective. His grasp of the theory of steam power is shown by his paper to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society in 1808, On the Measure of Moving Force. In 1813 he patented a power loom to be worked by the pressure of steam or compressed air. In 1824 Charles Babbage consulted him about automatic looms. His interest in textiles continued until at least 1833, when he obtained a patent for a self-acting spinning mule, which was, however, outclassed by the more successful one invented by Richard Roberts. Ewart gave much help and advice to others. The development of the machine tools at Boulton \& Watt's Soho Foundry has been mentioned already. He also helped James Watt with his machine for copying sculptures. While he continued to run his own textile mill, Ewart was also in partnership with Charles Macintosh, the pioneer of rubber-coated cloth. He was involved with William Fairbairn concerning steam engines for the boats that Fairbairn was building in Manchester, and it was through Ewart that Eaton Hodgkinson was introduced to Fairbairn and so made the tests and calculations for the tubes for the Britannia Railway Bridge across the Menai Straits. Ewart was involved with the launching of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway as he was a director of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce at the time.

In 1835 he uprooted himself from Manchester and became the first Chief Engineer for the Royal Navy, assuming responsibility for the steamboats, which by 1837 numbered 227 in service. He set up repair facilities and planned workshops for overhauling engines at Woolwich Dockyard, the first establishment of its type. It was here that he was killed in an accident when a chain broke while he was supervising the lifting of a large boiler. Engineering was Ewart's life, and it is possible to give only a brief account of his varied interests and connections here.

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SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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Martin acquired a general knowledge of engineering as an industrial worker in Belfast. In 1929 he established the Martin Aircraft Company, which was merged five years later with another concern to form the Martin-Baker Aircraft Company at Denham, Buckinghamshire. They became known for designing and constructing efficient, lightweight military aircraft, and Martin supervised personally every aspect of the work of his factory. During the Second World War they developed a number of aircraft weapons, including an explosive device carried on a bomber's wings for cutting the cables of barrage balloons, the flat-feed system for the 20 mm Hispano cannon used on British fighter planes and the twelve-gun pack mounted in the nose of the Havoc night fighter. Martin began devising means of rapid escape from a disabled fighter plane. First came a quick-release canopy for the Spitfire, followed by an improved form sliding on guides set in the fuselage. Then came the Martin-Baker seat, which ejected the pilot from his plane by an explosive charge. Ground tests were made to determine the rates of acceleration that could be tolerated by the pilot, and the first test in the air with a pilot took place in July 1946 at a speed of 320 mph (515 km/h) and an altitude of 8,000 ft (2,400 m). Its first use in a genuine emergency was in May 1949.

After the Second World War, the firm specialized in making components, particularly the ejector seat, rather than complete aircraft. The higher speeds and altitudes of supersonic jet aircraft made it necessary to modify the ejector seat: a device to hold the pilot's legs together, to prevent their being broken, was incorporated. In addition, with the Institute of Aviation Medicine, Martin developed a face blind to prevent skin damage at low temperatures. Another modification was to allow the seat to fall freely for the first 10,000 ft (3,000 m) to enable the pilot to reach breathable air more quickly; in October 1959 a successful demonstration took place at 1,250 mph (2,000 km/h) and 40,000 ft (12,000 m) altitude. During the inventor's lifetime, it is estimated that his ejector seat saved the lives of some 4,700 airmen.

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1 corsa: She had a shower after her run, ha fatto una doccia dopo la corsa; to go for a run, andare a correre; I try to go for a run three times a week, cerco di andare a correre tre volte la settimana; at a run, di corsa; to break into a run, mettersi a correre; The soldiers went past at a run, i soldati sono passati di corsa; to take the dog for a run, portare il cane a correre; far fare una corsa al cane

2 ( sport: atletica) corsa; corsa a piedi: a five kilometre run, una corsa di cinque kilometri; a cross-country run, una corsa campestre; the mile run, la corsa del miglio

3 ( di mezzo di trasporto) linea ( di servizio); viaggio; rotta: The ferry was on the Calais-Dover run, il traghetto faceva servizio tra Calais e Dover; There will be more planes on the Milan-London run, ci saranno più aerei sulla rotta Milano-Londra

4 viaggio, giro (in macchina): Let's go for a run in the car, andiamo a fare un giro in macchina; Who's doing the school run tomorrow?, chi porta i bambini a scuola domani?

5 periodo; serie; ( poesia) ritmo: a run of good luck, un periodo di fortuna; una serie fortunata; unbeaten run, serie utile ( senza avere subito sconfitte); Chelsea's successful run ended on Saturday with a defeat at home, la serie ininterrotta di vittorie del Chelsea si è conclusa sabato con una sconfitta in casa; the run of the metre, il ritmo del verso

6 (teatr., cinem.) tenitura; periodo di programmazione; permanenza in cartellone: The play had a long run in the West End, la commedia è rimasta a lungo in cartellone nella West End (a Londra); The show's run has been extended by three months, la programmazione dello spettacolo è stata prolungata di tre mesi

7 (ind.) produzione; quantità prodotta

8 (polit., ecc.) corsa (fig.); tentativo di ottenere (qc.): to make a run for the Presidency, essere in corsa per la presidenza; Her withdrawal has given her opponent a clear run, il suo ritiro ha lasciato campo libero al suo avversario; to have a practice run, fare una serie di prove

9 (fin.) corsa (fig.); assalto (fig.): a run on the dollar, una corsa all'acquisto di dollari; un assalto al dollaro; a run on the bank, una corsa agli sportelli; un assalto alla banca ( da parte dei clienti)

10 ( sci) pista; ( anche) discesa, manche: first run, prima manche; DIALOGO → - Skiiing- The lower runs were a bit slushy, la neve sulle piste più basse era sciolta; ski run, pista di sci

11 ( baseball) «run» (punto ottenuto raggiungendo la «casa base») ( cricket) «run» ( punto ottenuto correndo tra due basi): ( baseball) to make a home run, fare un fuoricampo ( punto ottenuto quando il battitore manda la palla fuori dalla recinzione); ( cricket) to score a «run», mettere a segno un «run»

12 zona recintata; recinto: cattle run, zona recintata per il bestiame; chicken run, recinto per polli; sheep run, recinto per le pecore

13 lunghezza; tratto: a five-hundred-foot run of pipe, un tratto di tubatura di cinquecento piedi ( circa 150 metri); cinquecento piedi di tubatura

14 – the run, la media: He is different from the ordinary run of mankind, è un uomo che si distingue dalla media della gente

15 [u] libero accesso (o uso): The dogs have the run of the house, i cani hanno libero accesso alla casa; to give sb. the run of one's house, mettere la propria casa a disposizione di q.; The tenants have the run of the estate, gli inquilini hanno libero uso della proprietà

16 ( di una calza: spec. USA) smagliatura

17 ( di vernice) goccia (colata): Remove any runs before the paint dries, rimuovere le gocce (colate) prima che la vernice sia asciutta

18 ( a carte) sequenza di carte dello stesso seme ( di solito, più di cinque; cfr. straight, B, def. 4)

19 (comput.) elaborazione; esecuzione; ( anche) ciclo di operazioni

20 (zool.) branco ( di pesci che risalgono un fiume); risalita ( dei pesci): a run of salmon, un branco di salmoni

21 canaletto in cui scorre l'acqua; ruscelletto; abbeveratoio; vasca

22 (mus.) volata

23 (aeron.) corsa a terra; rullaggio

24 (mecc.) corsa: (autom.) the run of a piston, la corsa di un pistone

25 (aeron. mil.) missione; passaggio ( sull'obiettivo); ( anche) (= run-in, run-up) rotta d'approccio, volo d'avvicinamento al bersaglio ( di bombardiere)

26 (costr. navali, naut.) stellato di poppa

27 (geogr., USA) corso d'acqua; torrente

28 ( editoria, = print run) tiratura: a print run of 10,000, una tiratura di 10.000 esemplari

29 (edil.) pedata ( di un gradino)

30 ( raro) rampa ( di scale)

31 (autom., ciclismo, ecc.) andamento ( di una curva)

32 ( bob) pista

33 ( canottaggio) distanza coperta da una vogata; ( anche) manche

34 (equit.) trotto veloce; galoppo

35 ( golf) distanza coperta dalla palla sul terreno

36 ( vela) distanza percorsa in una bordata; tratto di rotta

37 – (pl.) (fam.) the runs, la diarrea; la sciolta (fam.)

● (fam.) run-around, atteggiamento dilatorio (o evasivo): to get the run-around, essere tenuto sulla corda, essere menato per il naso; to give sb. the run-around, menare q. per il naso; tenere sulla corda q. □ run-down ► run-down e rundown □ (comput.) run time, tempo di esecuzione ( di un programma): run time error, errore in fase di esecuzione □ ( sport) against the run of play, inaspettatamente; nonostante il predominio degli avversari: Arsenal scored against the run of play, l'Arsenal ha segnato nonostante la partita fosse in mano agli avversari □ (comput.) at run time, in fase di esecuzione; all'esecuzione □ (fam.) fun run, corsa podistica a scopo di beneficenza □ to go on the run, darsi alla fuga (o alla latitanza, alla macchia) □ (fig.) to have had a (good) run for one's money, avere avuto delle belle soddisfazioni: I've had a good run for my money, but now it's time for the younger generation to take over, ho avuto le mie belle soddisfazioni, ma è ora di lasciare il posto ai giovani □ in the long run, a lungo andare; (econ.) a lungo termine; nel lungo periodo □ in the short run, a breve scadenza; (econ.) a breve termine; nel breve periodo □ to make a run for it, tentare la fuga □ on the run, in fuga; in movimento; in corsa: The robbers are still on the run, i rapinatori sono ancora in fuga (o latitanti); They had the enemy on the run, hanno messo il nemico in fuga; I have been on the run all day, sono stato in movimento (o ho corso) tutto il giorno; He made the pass on the run, ha passato la palla in volata □ to take a run at st., fare una corsa verso qc.; She took a run at the fence and jumped straight over, è corsa verso la recinzione e l'ha superata con un salto.

A p. p. di to run

B a.

(nelle seguenti loc.)

● run-of-the mill, comune; dozzinale □ ( di un inserto pubblicitario) run of paper, collocato sulla pagina ( di un giornale) a discrezione della direzione □ run on, (tipogr.) stampato di seguito; ( poesia: di un verso) la cui ultima parola si lega strettamente al verso successivo; che ha l'enjambement.

(pass. ran, p. p. run)

A v. i.

1 correre; fare una corsa: Walk, don't run!, cammina, non correre!; A man came running along the street, un uomo è venuto di corsa per la strada; They ran across the road, hanno attraversato la strada di corsa; Let's run down to the beach, facciamo una corsa alla spiaggia!; It was starting to rain so we ran back inside, stava cominciando a piovere, quindi siamo rientrati di corsa; The boy ran into the house, il ragazzo è corso dentro casa; They ran to my aid, sono corsi in mio aiuto; We ran to see what was happening, siamo corsi a vedere cosa stava succedendo; Sarah ran into the room, Sarah è corsa nella stanza; She ran to meet him, gli è corsa incontro; The children are running about in the park, i bambini scorrazzano nel parco; The guard dog ran at me, il cane da guardia mi è corso contro; to run downstairs [upstairs], scendere [salire] le scale di corsa; to run counter to st., andare contro qc.; to run for the bus, correre per prendere l'autobus; to run for cover (o shelter) correre al riparo; (fam.) Run and get your bag, fila a prendere la borsa; (fam.) Run to the newsstand and get me a paper, will you?, per favore, fa' un salto all'edicola e prendimi un giornale; (fam.) to run all out (o flat out) correre a tutto spiano; to run at full speed, correre a tutta velocità (fam.: a tutta birra)

2 ( sport) correre; partecipare a una corsa: I used to run when I was at school, da studente correvo nella squadra di atletica; He's running in the half marathon, corre nella mezza maratona; I run every day except Sunday, corro tutti i giorni tranne la domenica

3 ( di strada, muro: di solito to run along, through, ecc.) correre; andare ( in un certo senso): The road runs along a ridge, la strada corre lungo un crinale; A path ran through the forest, un sentiero attraversava la foresta; A high wall runs along the edge of the estate, un alto muro costeggia i confini della proprietà

4 ( di macchina, ecc.) funzionare, andare; ( di motore) essere in moto (o acceso): Does the heating run on oil or gas?, il riscaldamento va a gasolio o a gas?; Our new car runs on LPG, la nostra nuova macchina va a GPL; The engine isn't running properly, il motore non funziona bene; Don't leave the engine running, non lasciare il motore acceso; (comput.) The program will run on PC or Mac, il programma funziona sia su PC che su Mac

5 ( di veicoli) (andare a) finire: I left the handbrake off and the car ran down the slope, non ho messo il freno a mano e l'auto è finita giù per la discesa; The truck ran onto the pavement, il camion è andato a finire sul marciapiedi

6 ( di treni, di navi) viaggiare; andare: Trains to the airport run every hour, i treni per l'aeroporto partono (o passano) ogni ora; The ferry runs between the two ports, il traghetto fa la spola tra i due porti; The ship ran into port, la nave è entrata in porto; to run late [on time], viaggiare con un ritardo [in orario]; The train was running ten minutes late, il treno viaggiava con dieci minuti di ritardo; to run on rails, andare su rotaie

7 scorrere: In northern Italy most streams run into the Po River, nell'Italia settentrionale la maggior parte dei corsi d'acqua defluisce nel Po; Tears were running down her cheeks, le scorrevano lacrime sul viso; Wait till the water runs hot, aspetta che scorra l'acqua calda; Don't leave the tap running!, non lasciare aperto il rubinetto!; ( dell'acqua corrente) to run cold, venire fredda ( a forza di scorrere); They were running with sweat, erano in un bagno di sudore

8 (fig.) trascorrere; passare: Those summer days ran swiftly, quei giorni d'estate trascorrevano in fretta

9 (lett.) spirare: A gentle breeze ran through the tall trees, una lieve brezza spirava fra gli alberi alti

10 ( di pensiero, ecc.) ricorrere; ritornare: The tune was running in my head all day, quel motivo mi è frullato in testa tutto il giorno; The idea kept running through my mind, quell'idea mi ricorreva (o mi si presentava) sempre alla mente; Lara's theme had been running through my head all day long, era tutto il giorno che mi frullava nella testa il motivo di Lara

11 ( di mormorio, diceria: di solito to run down, among, ecc.) diffondersi; circolare: A murmur ran among the crowd, un mormorio si è diffuso tra la folla; Rumours ran through the village, correvano (o circolavano) delle voci per il paese

12 ( di sensazione: di solito to run down, through, ecc.) –: A thrill ran through her at the sound of his voice, un brivido di eccitazione l'ha percorsa quando ha sentito la sua voce; A shiver ran down his back, un brivido di freddo gli è corso lungo la schiena

13 decorrere; essere pagabile da ( una certa data): ( banca, ecc.) Interest runs from January 1st, gli interessi decorrono dal 1В° di gennaio

14 ( di prezzo, inflazione, ecc.) aver raggiunto; essere: Inflation is running at 4%, l'inflazione ha raggiunto il 4%; The price of oil is running between $80 and $90 a barrel, il prezzo del petrolio è attualmente compreso tra gli 80 e i 90 dollari al barile; The debt was running at an enormous figure, il debito ammontava a una cifra enorme

15 durare; (leg.) essere valido (o in vigore): The lease had ten years to run, il contratto di affitto aveva una durata di dieci anni; It's a long film: it runs for three hours, è un film lungo: dura tre ore; DIALOGO → - Considering an evening course- The lessons run till Christmas, le lezioni si tengono fino a Natale; The contract runs until 2015, il contratto è valido fino al 2015

16 (polit., ecc.) concorrere; candidarsi: He is going to run for Parliament, intende candidarsi per la Camera dei Comuni; Do you think she'll run?, pensi che si candiderà?; He ran against his old allies, si è candidato contro i suoi ex alleati

17 ( sport) arrivare ( primo, secondo, ecc.): He ran second, è arrivato secondo ( nella corsa); My horse ran last, il mio cavallo è arrivato ultimo

18 fondersi; sciogliersi: It was so hot that butter started to run, era così caldo che il burro cominciava a sciogliersi

19 ( di colore, vernice) stingere; colare: The colours ran in the wash and everything came out pink, i colori hanno stinto nel lavaggio e tutto è diventato rosa; My mascara is running, il mio mascara sta colando; The ink ran all over the page, l'inchiostro si è sparso su tutta la pagina

20 ( delle calze) sfilarsi; smagliarsi

21 gocciolare; colare: The boy's nose was running, il bambino aveva il naso che colava

22 (teatr., cinem.) essere in programmazione; tenere il cartellone: Agatha Christie's «Mousetrap» has been running for many years in London, la «Trappola per topi» di Agatha Christie tiene il cartellone da molti anni a Londra

23 ( radio, TV) essere trasmesso; andare in onda: The series runs for six weeks from next Sunday, la serie va in onda per sei settimane a partire da domenica

24 (fig.) andare; svolgersi: After a period of strikes, everything is running smoothly at the factory, dopo un periodo di scioperi, tutto sta andando bene in fabbrica

25 ( di una malattia, di una caratteristica, ecc.) essere ereditaria ( in una famiglia, ecc.): Madness runs in his family, c'è un ramo di pazzia nella sua famiglia

26 ( di scritta, testo) dire; fare: The song runs like this, la canzone fa così; The message ran: «meet me outside in half an hour», il messaggio diceva: «vediamoci fuori tra mezzora»

27 (zool.) ( di selvatici) migrare ( in cerca d'acqua, di pascoli, ecc.)

28 ( di salmoni, ecc.) risalire un fiume

B v. t.

1 dirigere; gestire ( anche comm.): to run a business, dirigere un'azienda; to run the country, governare il paese; to run a shop, gestire un negozio; His mother-in-law runs the household, è sua suocera che dirige la casa; Who is running the contest?, chi organizza la gara?; to run a drugs racket, controllare un racket di droga

2 ( sport) fare ( una corsa): to run the mile in five minutes, correre il miglio in cinque minuti; to run a race, fare una corsa ( a piedi)

3 mettere in funzione ( una macchina, ecc.): Did you run the dishwasher?, hai messo in funzione (fam.: attaccato) la lavastoviglie?

4 ( di solito to run through, along, down, ecc.) passare ( una mano, un dito, ecc.): She ran her fingers through her hair, si è passata le dita nei capelli; She ran a finger along the shelf, ha passato un dito sullo scaffale; to run one's fingers over the keyboard, far scorrere le dita sulla tastiera ( di un pianoforte); to run one's forefinger down a column of figures, controllare una colonna di cifre scorrendole con l'indice

5 far scorrere: to run water into the bath tub, far scorrere l'acqua nella vasca da bagno; to run the water until it's hot, far scorrere l'acqua finché non viene calda; Run the tap for a few minutes, fai scorrere l'acqua dal rubinetto per qualche minuto; to run (sb. ) a bath, fare scorrere l'acqua per il bagno (a q.)

6 (trasp.) fare andare, effettuare corse di ( autobus, treni, ecc.): to run a special train, mettere un treno straordinario; to run extra trains, far viaggiare treni straordinari; effettuare corse straordinarie ( di metropolitana)

7 accompagnare in macchina; dare un passaggio a: to run sb. home [into town], accompagnare q. a casa [in centro] in macchina; I'll run you to the station, ti do un passaggio fino alla stazione

8 pubblicare: to run a story [an advertisement], pubblicare una storia [un annuncio pubblicitario]; All the main newspapers ran the story, tutti i principali quotidiani hanno riportato la vicenda

9 candidare; presentare come candidato: The party is running over 100 candidates at the next elections, il partito presenta più di 100 candidati alle prossime elezioni

10 (comput.) eseguire; lanciare: to run a program, eseguire un programma

11 ( di solito to run through, under, behind, ecc.) far passare; infilare: They ran the cables through the wall, hanno fatto passare i cavi attraverso il muro; to run a thorn into one's finger, conficcarsi una spina nel dito; to run one's sword into sb., trafiggere q. con la spada

12 far correre; ( sport) iscrivere a una corsa: to run a horse, far correre un cavallo; to run a horse in the Derby, iscrivere un cavallo al Derby

13 inseguire ( selvaggina, spec. a cavallo)

14 colare; versare: to run water into a glass, versare acqua in un bicchiere

15 contrabbandare: to run arms [liquor], contrabbandare armi [liquori]

● (fig.) to come running, essere a disposizione; correre: She comes running every time he calls, corre ogni volta che la chiama □ (naut.) to run before the storm, fuggire la tempesta □ (naut.) to run before the wind, navigare col vento in poppa □ (mil.) to run a blockade, forzare un blocco □ to run a boat down to the water, calare in acqua una barca □ to run a car, mantenere un'automobile: I can't afford to run a car, non posso permettermi (di mantenere) una macchina □ to run cattle, mandare bestiame al pascolo □ to run sb. close, ( sport) incalzare q. alle spalle, tallonare q.; ( sport) piazzarsi alle spalle di q.; (fig.) non essere da meno di q. □ ( anche fig.) to run dry, esaurirsi; prosciugarsi □ to run errands (o messages), fare commissioni; fare ambasciate; fare il fattorino □ to run one's eyes over st., dare un'occhiata (o una scorsa) a qc. □ to run for it, scappare correndo a più non posso □ (fam.) to run it fine, farcela a stento; cavarsela per un pelo (o per un soffio) □ (naut.) to run foul (o afoul) ( with), entrare in collisione (con) □ to be running high –: Tensions were running high, c'era parecchia tensione □ to be running late [early, on time, behind], essere in ritardo [in anticipo, in orario, indietro]: I'm running late, so I'll see you at the restaurant, sono in ritardo, quindi ci vediamo al ristorante; The project was starting to run seriously behind, il progetto cominciava a prendere parecchio ritardo □ to run for one's life, correre per salvarsi la vita □ to run sb. 's life, dirigere la vita di q.: Don't try and run my life!, non cercare di dirigere la mia vita! □ (fin.: di un'azienda) to run at a loss, essere in passivo □ to be running low, diventare scarso: Our food supplies are running low, le nostre provviste di viveri sono diventate scarse □ to be running low on, rimanere con poco: My computer is running low on disk space, al mio computer rimane poco spazio sull'hard disk □ (fig.) to run a mile, scappare a gambe levate: She'd run a mile if he asked her to marry him, se le chiedesse di sposarla, scapperebbe a gambe levate □ ( sport: della palla, di un giocatore) to run out of bounds, uscire dal campo di gioco □ to run out of control, sfuggire di mano; ( di una persona, una situazione, ecc.) diventare ingovernabile □ ( sport: della palla) to run out of play, andare fuori campo □ to run sb. out of town, cacciare q. dalla città □ (fam.) to run sb. ragged, fare a pezzi q., stracciare q. (gli avversari, i nemici) □ to run the rapids, scendere le rapide ( in barca) □ (fam.) to run a red light, passare col rosso ( a un semaforo) □ to run rife, abbondare; ( di una malattia) essere diffusa; ( di una notizia) circolare; ( di una diceria) correre □ to run rings around sb., superare di gran lunga q. □ to run a risk, correre un rischio: He runs the risk of losing his home, corre il rischio di perdere la casa □ to run riot = to run wild ► sotto □ (naut.: del capitano) to run a ship to Boston, portare una nave a Boston □ to run short, finire, venire a mancare: Petrol is running short, sta finendo la benzina □ to run short of, rimanere a corto di: I ran short of money, sono rimasto a corto di soldi □ (fam.) to run the show, comandare; tenere le fila; ( sport) arbitrare in modo plateale □ ( sci) to run slalom gates, fare (o superare) le porte dello slalom □ to run a tab at the bar, pagare tutte le consumazioni alla fine □ (fam.) to run a temperature, avere la febbre □ to run tests [a check], fare degli esami [un controllo]: The doctors are running some tests on him, i medici gli stanno facendo degli esami □ to be up and running, funzionare bene: The new computer system is up and running, il nuovo sistema informatico funziona bene □ to run wild, ( di piante) inselvatichire, inselvatichirsi; (fig.: di persone, dell'immaginazione) scatenarsi □ ( sport) to run with the ball, ( baseball, rugby, ecc.) correre con la palla in mano; ( calcio) correre con la palla al piede □ to try to run before one can walk, mettere il carro davanti ai buoi □ His blood ran cold, gli si è gelato il sangue nelle vene □ This story will run and run, questa storia andrà avanti all'infinito □ Things must run their course, le cose devono seguire il loro corso □ (antiq.) His life has only a few hours to run, gli restano poche ore di vita.

- podjąć próbę zrobienia czegoś to make an attempt to do sth a. at doing sth

- podjęto wiele prób ratowania pasażerów zatopionego statku repeated attempts were made to save the shipwrecked passengers

- próba pobicia rekordu świata powiodła się a. udała się his/her attempt to beat the world record was successful

- przy pierwszej próbie zrzucił poprzeczkę he knocked the crossbar off on his first attempt

- po trzech/kilku próbach after three/a few attempts a. tries

- próba samobójcza a suicide attempt, an attempted suicide

- próba gwałtu/morderstwa an attempted rape/murder

- próba przejęcia władzy/tronu a bid for power/the throne

- próba zamachu (na życie) an assassination attempt

- bezskuteczne próby futile a. vain attempts

- nieudana próba an unsuccessful a. a failed attempt

- nieudana próba zamachu stanu an attempted coup d’état

- nie powiodły się wszelkie próby pojednania all attempts at reconciliation failed

- podziemne próby jądrowe underground nuclear tests

- układ o zakazie prób jądrowych a test ban treaty

- próba obciążenia/wytrzymałości a load/an endurance test

- próba nowej maszyny/systemu the trial runs of a new machine/system

- próba na zgniatania/zmęczenie a crushing/fatigue test

- próba sił a test of strength

- poddać nowy system próbom to test a new system

- przeprowadzać próby to carry out a. conduct trial runs (z czymś on sth)

- przechodzić próby to undergo tests a. trials

- poddać kogoś próbie to put sb to the test

- zrobić coś na próbę a. tytułem próby to try sth as an experiment

- weź to na próbę take it on a trial basis

- przyjęli ją do pracy na próbę they took her on for a trial period

- ciężka próba an ordeal

- przejść przez ciężkie próby to go through an ordeal

- w godzinie próby ujawnił wielki hart ducha he showed great valour at the critical a. crucial moment

- ich przyjaźń/moja cierpliwość wystawiona była na ciężką próbę their friendship was put to the test/my patience was sorely tried

- próba charakteru a test of character

- próba nerwów/uczuć a test of (sb’s) nerves/love

- jej pierwsze malarskie próby nie zapowiadały wielkiego talentu her first attempts at painting were not very promising

- ta książka była jego pierwszą próbą pisarską this book was his first literary effort

- pobrać próbę krwi to take a blood sample a. specimen

- próba losowa Stat. a random sample

- badania przeprowadzono na 1000-osobowej próbie losowej Polaków a random sample of 1000 Poles were a. was interviewed

- złoto pierwszej próby ≈ 24-carat gold

- na pierścionku nie było próby there was no hallmark on the ring

- oznaczyć próbę czegoś to assay sth

- próba chóru/orkiestry a choir/an orchestra rehearsal

- próba czytana a read-through

- próba generalna a dress rehearsal także przen.

- próba nowej sztuki a rehearsal of a. for a new play

- trwają próby nowej sztuki a new play is in rehearsal

- próba górska a mountain trial

- próba przedolimpijska a pre-Olympic trial

- □ próba ciążowa Med., Wet. pregnancy test

- próba dźwięku Audio sound check

- próba głosu Muz., Teatr audition

- próba lakmusowa Chem. litmus test

- próba mikrofonowa Radio (studio) rehearsal

- próba plasterkowa Med. patch test

- próba skórna Med. skin test

- próba tuberkulinowa Med. tuberculin test

- próba wysiłkowa Med. stress test

■ dobrej a. wysokiej próby [malarstwo, przekład] of a high order

- dokonania/artyzm najwyższej próby achievements/artistry of the highest order

- metoda prób i błędów trial and error (method)

- metodą prób i błędów by a. through trial and error

- próba ogniowa a. ognia trial by fire także przen.

- wytrzymać próbę czasu to stand the test of time

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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The Breguet family had been manufacturing fine clocks since before the French Revolution, but Louis Breguet and his brother Jacques used their mechanical skills to produce a helicopter, or "gyroplane" as they named it. It was a complex machine with four biplane rotors (i.e. thirty-two lifting surfaces). Louis Breguet had carried out many tests to determine the most suitable rotor design. The Breguet brothers were assisted by Professor Charles Richet and the Breguet-Richet No. 1 was tested in September 1907 when it succeeded in lifting itself, and its pilot, to a height of 1.5 metres. Unfortunately, the gyroplane was rather unstable and four helpers had to steady it; consequently, the flight did not qualify as a "free" flight. This was achieved two months later, also in France, by Paul Cornu who made a 20-second free flight.

Louis Breguet turned his attention to aeroplane design and produced a tractor biplane when most other biplanes followed the Wright brothers' layout with a forward elevator and pusher propeller. The Breguet I made quite an impression at the 1909 Reims meeting, but the Breguet IV created a world record the following year by carrying six people. During the First World War the Breguet Type 14 bomber was widely used by French and American squadrons. Between the First and Second World Wars a wide variety of designs were produced, including flying boats and another helicopter, the Breguet- Dorand Gyroplane which flew for over one hour in 1936. The Breguet company survived World War II and in the late 1940s developed a successful four-engined airliner/transport, the Deux-Ponts, which had a bulbous double-deck fuselage.

Breguet was an innovative designer, although his designs were functional rather than elegant. He was an early advocate of metal construction and developed an oleo- (oil-spring) undercarriage leg.

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SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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After obtaining a degree in engineering, Fabre specialized in hydrodynamics. Around 1904 he developed an interest in flying and followed the progress of early French aviators such as Archdeacon, Voisin and Blériot who were experimenting with float-gliders. Fabre carried out many experiments during the following years, including airflow tests on various surfaces and hydrodynamic tests on different designs for floats. He also built a propeller-driven motor car to develop the most efficient design for a propeller. In 1909 he built his first "hydro-aeroplane", but it failed to fly. By March 1910 he built a new float plane which was very different from contemporary French aeroplanes. It was a tail-first (canard) monoplane and had unusual Warren girder spars exposed to the airstream. The engine was a conventional Gnome rotary mounted at the rear of the machine. On 28 March 1910 Fabre, who had no previous experience of flying, decided he was ready to test his hydro-aeroplane. First he made several straight runs to test the planing properties of his three floats, then he made several short hops. In the afternoon Fabre took off from the harbour at La Mède near Marseille before official witnesses: he was able to claim the first flight by a powered seaplane. His hydro-aeroplane is preserved in the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace in Paris.

Despite several accidents, Fabre continued to improve his design and in October of 1910 Glenn Curtiss, the American designer, visited Fabre to compare notes. A year later Curtiss built the first of his many successful seaplanes. Fabre did not continue as an aircraft designer, but he went on to design and manufacture floats for other people.

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SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines

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During the thirty years prior to his death, Brayton devoted considerable effort to the development of internal-combustion engines. He designed the first commercial gas engine of American origin in 1872. An oil-burning engine was produced in 1875. An aptitude for mechanical innovation became apparent whilst he was employed at the Exeter Machine Works, New Hampshire, where he developed a successful steam generator for use in domestic and industrial heating systems. Brayton engines were distinguished by the method of combustion. A pressurized air-fuel mixture from a reservoir was ignited as it entered the working cylinder—a precursor of the constant-pressure cycle. A further feature of these early engines was a rocking beam. There exist accounts of Brayton engines fitted into river craft, and of one in a carriage which operated for a few months in 1872–3. However, the appearance of the four-stroke Otto engine in 1876, together with technical problems associated with backfiring into the fuel reservoir, prevented large-scale acceptance of the Brayton engine. Although Thompson Sterne \& Co. of Glasgow became licensees, the engine failed to gain usage in Britain. A working model of Brayton's gas engine is exhibited in the Museum of History and Technology in Washington, DC.

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